The Case against American Military Supremacy

Stephen Wertheim / The New Republic

In 1992, Pentagon officials took stock of America’s fortunes. “Today, there is no global challenger to a peaceful democratic order,” observed the group, led by Under Secretary of Defense Paul Wolfowitz. The Soviet Union had fallen. America stood alone as a global power.

At such a moment, the country might have declared victory and brought its troops home. Instead, it resolved to seek greater supremacy than ever. In the future that Wolfowitz and his colleagues envisioned, the United States would maintain a “predominant military position” atop the world. No one would dare rival it.

In the Middle East, America’s pursuit of primacy led it to contain both Iraq and Iran, and to treat the advance of either as a grave threat. Under this dictate, successive presidents imposed sanctions that starved Iraqis and squeezed Iranians. They launched wars to change regimes. They partnered with authoritarians throughout the region. If all this was the price of keeping America on top, so be it.

After decades of catastrophe, the same basic strategy endures. Donald Trump’s presidency makes plain that global supremacy has become an end in itself, unmoored from the interests of the American people and most of humanity. “Our military dominance must be unquestioned,” Trump has declared, “and I mean unquestioned.” Trump has stripped supremacy of ethical pretense and strategic justification. He values it for its own sake, as a gesture of brute domination.

What have liberals to say about this? Scandalously little. For decades, they have failed to stop war and violence for the same reason they have failed to reverse soaring inequality. At best, they have offered solutions inadequate to the scale of the problem. At worst, they have denied there was a problem, casting endless war as “global leadership.”

Few Democrats will admit, for example, that not one power in the Middle East poses an existential threat to the United States, not one merits devoting precious lives and scarce resources to such misadventures as Saudi Arabia’s proxy war in Yemen.

Trump and the establishment are one in assuming that the United States must maintain global military dominance, regardless of circumstances, forever. It is long past time to question this assumption, and today only the rising left possesses the dynamism and independence to do so. In order to stand for peace, systematically not episodically, the left should oppose armed supremacy as a perpetual goal of America’s foreign policy. For permanent armed supremacy produces permanent armed conflict. And its burdens are mounting.

Wolfowitz and his Pentagon colleagues originally justified their focus on primacy by claiming that it would bring peace. In a draft of their report, called the

Defense Planning Guidance, they argued that the United States should seek a preeminence so overwhelming as APRIL 2019 to prevent any potential rival from even “aspiring to a larger regional or global role.” After a public outcry, the

final language was softened. But at least policymakers back then felt some compunction to demonstrate that Pax Americana would live up to its name.

Decades later, the opposite has transpired. America spends more on defense than the next seven countries combined, with roughly 800 bases ringing the globe, yet its might has not prevented China from rising nor Russia from asserting itself, and may have antagonized both. Instead of cowing others into peace, primacy has plunged America into war. It has forced the United States to resist any significant retraction of its military power, lest it lose influence relative to anyone else.

The endless wars are endless because the United States has appointed itself the world’s “indispensable nation,” in Secretary of State Madeleine Albright’s formulation, responsible less for ensuring its own safety than for maintaining its material and moral privilege to police the world. The costs include 147,000 lives in Afghanistan and $55.9 trillion for a war on terror that has stretched on since 2001, according to Brown University’s Costs of War Project.

What’s more, armed primacy may well have allowed Trump to rise in the first place. To justify America’s massive commitment of resources around the world, leaders have routinely claimed that foreigners are going to kill us. Trump took those inflated threats and ran with them, turning fear of deadly foreigners into the basis for his movement.

That fear dates back to the second term of George W. Bush, when the xenophobia he directed toward distant “Islamofascism” turned inward. White supremacists rallied against immigrants at the border; nativists spread conspiracy theories that Sharia law was his way to the White House, surrounded by a national security adviser and secretary of state who indulge rank

Islamophobia. (John Bolton and Mike Pompeo have ties to Frank Gafney, the author of such manifestos as “The Muslim Brotherhood in the Obama Administration.”)

To be sure, many advocates of American primacy did not wish for this to happen. But it has happened.

We face a world beset by war and awash in nationalism and nativism — Our own included. And as other powers rise, the costs of pursuing primacy will rise with them.

Only a particularly enlightened and unaggressive country, facing deplorable alternatives, should exercise enormous coercive power over peoples to whom it offers no membership and no accountability. Today the United States is not that country, if it ever was. Its political system is hardly delivering for its own citizens, let alone those of other countries.

Even if Democrats were angels, they rotate power with a Republican Party whose last two presidents married aggressive visions with careless decisions. All other things equal, the world will be better off as America retracts its coercive power, and so will America.

True, the United States should retain a potent military, and other instruments, to pursue the genuine interests of its people. And it matters what powers might take the place of a hegemonic America. But endless supremacy must itself end. The burden of proof now falls on those who favor a large military role, and they must justify not only the purposes they seek but also the perils that outsize power poses when the vicious and the reckless get to swing the sword.

At an uncertain moment, the left has the opportunity to bring some measure of soundness to America’s world role. After decades of misrule and misconceptions, we begin our foreign policy over again.

Stephen Wertheim is a visiting assistant professor of history at Columbia University and a visiting scholar at the Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies

Updates from the Quincy Institute

The Quincy Institute hasn’t formally launched yet but is already garnering a tremendous amount of attention. Our focus in the past weeks has primarily been to raise funds, hire staff, build the non-resident fellowship program, and so forth.But because of the buzz around QI, we have on occasion agreed to publish analyses and opinion pieces to provide Quincy’s perspective. I would like to bring your attention to four articles in particular:

1. QI President Andrew Bacevich in the New York Times on what the US should and shouldn’t do in regards to the tensions between Saudi Arabia and Iran: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/16/opinion/iran-saudi-arabia.html
2. QI’s Stephen Wertheim in the New York Times on how to end endless war: https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/14/opinion/sunday/endless-war-america.html
3. QI’s Stephen Wertheim in the Washington Post on why QI’s opposition to endless wars has been controversial, but shouldn’t be: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2019/08/30/quincy-institute-opposes-americas-endless-wars-why-should-that-be-scandal/
4. My article in Foreign Affairs last week on what it will take to deescalate US-Iran tensions: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/iran/2019-09-18/bolton-gone-will-rouhani-meet-trump 

There are also a few TV/Radio/Podcast appearances you might find of interest:
1. Andrew Bacevich appeared on WGBH Boston to discuss an Afghanistan withdrawal: hTps://www.wgbh.org/news/national-news/2019/09/12/greater-boston-full-show-09-11-19.
2. Stephen Wertheim appeared on Cato’s Daily Podcast as well as on CSPAN to discuss Quincy.
3. Suzanne DiMaggio was on Ploughshares’ Podcast, Press the Button.
4. I was on NPR’s Morning Edition last week to discuss tensions in the Persian Gulf.

This is just a preview of the high-level impact QI will have once it fully launches in late November. In advance of the launch, please follow QI’s Twitter feed to keep abreast of our public writings: https://twiTer.com/QuincyInst.
We welcome your support towards the Quincy Institute and our efforts to move US foreign policy away from endless war.

Posted in accordance with Title 17, Section 107, US Code, for noncommercial, educational purposes