75 Years After the Bombing of Hiroshima, Experts Say the Attack Would Be Considered a War Crime Today
David Welna / National Public Radio
(August 6, 2020) — The dawn of the nuclear age began with a blinding, flesh-melting blast directly above the Japanese city of Hiroshima on Aug. 6, 1945. It was 8:16 a.m. on a Monday, the start of another work day in a city of nearly 300,000 inhabitants. An estimated two-thirds of that population — nearly all civilians — would soon be dead.
The dropping by American warplanes of that first atomic bomb, code-named Little Boy — and another, code-named Fat Man, three days later in Nagasaki — led to Japan’s surrender on Aug. 15, 1945, and the end of World War II.
At the time, the morality and legality of those nuclear attacks was hardly the subject of public debate.
“Let there be no mistake; we shall completely destroy Japan’s power to make war,” President Harry Truman, who ordered the attacks, declared in a speech to the nation hours after the bombing of Hiroshima. “If they do not now accept our terms, they may expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth.”
The last surviving member of the crew that flew over Hiroshima that day died in November. Before then, he recalled what he thought while aboard a B-29 named Necessary Evil as the bomb dropped from another warplane, the Enola Gay.
“We had to go out and kill every one of them,” former Army 2nd Lt. Russell Gackenbach, who flew as a navigator on both the Hiroshima and Nagasaki missions, told the Voices of the Manhattan Project in 2016.
In a 2018 NPR interview, Gackenbach expressed no second thoughts about the annihilation of most of Hiroshima’s inhabitants.
“I do not regret what we did that day,” he said. “All war is hell. The Japanese started the war. It was our turn to finish it.”
But another witness to the 900-foot-wide fireball that heated the air above Hiroshima to 500,000 degrees Fahrenheit has made it her life’s mission to eliminate nuclear weapons.
“We atomic bomb survivors are greatly disturbed by the continued modernization of nuclear weapons by the United States and other countries, and your stated willingness to use these instruments of genocide,” 88-year-old Setsuko Thurlow wrote to President Trump in a letter published Monday in The Daily Hampshire Gazette. “Nuclear weapons are not a necessary evil, they are the ultimate evil. It is unacceptable for any state to possess them.”
Thurlow was a 13-year-old a mile from ground zero in Hiroshima the day the bomb fell there.
“Although that happened in the morning, it was already very dark, like twilight,” she told NPR’s Kelly McEvers in 2016. “I could see some dark moving object approaching to me. They happened to be human beings. They just didn’t look like human beings. I called them ghosts.”
“They were covered with blood and burned and blackened and swollen, and the flesh was hanging from the bones,” the atomic blast survivor added. “Parts of their bodies were missing, and some were carrying their own eyeballs in their hands. And as they collapsed, their stomach burst open.”
Four years ago, President Barack Obama became the first American head of state to visit Hiroshima’s Peace Memorial. He offered condolences, but pointedly did not offer apologies.
“The morning of August 6, 1945 must never fade,” Obama told a crowd gathered near the shell of the sole building left standing where the bomb exploded. “That memory allows us to fight complacency. It fuels our moral imagination. It allows us to change.”
Pope Francis took a more critical stance during a November visit to that same peace memorial in Hiroshima.
“Using nuclear power to wage war is today, more than ever, a crime,” the pontiff declared, adding it was immoral even to possess nuclear weapons.
Some prominent experts in the law of war are also reexamining the Hiroshima attack.
“There is no question that a dropping of a large nuclear weapon amongst the civilian population is a war crime,” says Harvard Law School professor Gabriella Blum. “Under the current laws of war, if you know you are going to impact civilians, you must provide warning and you must take precautions to avoid harming civilians to the extent possible. There is no doubt none of that was considered and none of that was seriously weighed in reference to Hiroshima and Nagasaki.”
In a similar critical vein, the cover story for the current issue of the Bulletin of Atomic Scientists is titled, “Why the Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima Would Be Illegal Today.”
“We know that one of the main objectives was to cause as much civilian harm as possible, to create a shock among the civilians,” says Stanford law professor Allen Weiner, one of the cover story’s three authors.
“The bomb in Hiroshima was dropped quite far away from the edge of town where the factories and worker housing was located,” Weiner notes, “and one of the great ironies is that those factories and worker housing that were [cited by US officials] in selecting Hiroshima as a target survived the atomic bombing. They were not destroyed.”
But Weiner also points out that in 1945 no nations had signed a treaty barring the kind of aerial bombardment of civilians that the US carried out in Hiroshima.
“I’m prepared to really give a quite hardcore hedge and say that in 1945, the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was not clearly illegal,” says Weiner. “Today, it would clearly be illegal.”
Posted in accordance with Title 17, Section 107, US Code, for noncommercial, educational purposes.
Letter to Trump: ‘Nuclear Weapons Are the Ultimate Evil’
(August 5, 2020) — I am writing to you as an atomic bomb survivor of Hiroshima and an active member of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), 2017 Nobel Peace Laureate.
Atomic bomb survivors are urging all world leaders to reflect on the catastrophic harm that nuclear weapons inflict and to commit to eliminate them as a matter of urgency.
As a 13-year-old schoolgirl, I witnessed my city of Hiroshima blinded by the flash, flattened by the hurricane-like blast, incinerated in the heat of 4,000 degrees Celsius and contaminated by the radiation of one atomic bomb. A bright summer morning turned to dark twilight with smoke and dust rising in the mushroom cloud, dead and injured covering the ground, begging desperately for water and receiving no medical care at all. The spreading firestorm and the foul stench of burnt flesh filled the air.
Miraculously, I was rescued from the rubble of a collapsed building, about 1.8 kilometres from ground zero. Most of my classmates in the same room were burned to death alive. I can still hear their voices calling their mothers and God for help. As I escaped with two other surviving girls we saw a procession of ghostly figures slowly shuffling from the centre of the city.
Grotesquely wounded people, whose clothes were tattered, or who were made naked by the blast. They were bleeding, burnt, blackened and swollen. Parts of their bodies were missing, flesh and skin hanging from their bones, some with their eyeballs hanging in their hands, and some with their stomachs burst open, with their intestines hanging out.
In the weeks, months and years that followed, many thousands more would die, often in random and mysterious ways, from the delayed effects of radiation. Still to this day, radiation is killing survivors. Every person who died had a name. Every person was loved by someone.
In our struggle for survival, rebuilding lives out of the ashes, we survivors, or ‘hibakusha’, became convinced that no human being should ever have to repeat our experience of the inhumane, immoral, and cruel atomic bombing, and that our mission is to warn the world about the reality of nuclear dangers and to help people understand the ultimate evil of nuclear weapons.
We have a moral imperative to abolish nuclear arsenals, before they are used again, by accident or by design. With this conviction we have been speaking out around the world for more than seven decades for the total abolition of nuclear weapons.
We atomic bomb survivors are greatly disturbed by the continued modernization of nuclear weapons by the United States and other countries, and your stated willingness to use these instruments of genocide. We are also alarmed by the United States’ recent abandonment of arms control agreements and reports that your administration is contemplating a resumption of nuclear testing.
Even in this unprecedented time of crisis, nuclear-armed countries, such as yours, continue to hold the world hostage under the threat of nuclear annihilation while squandering billions of dollars on nuclear arsenals instead of meeting human needs.
As someone who actually witnessed and experienced the consequences of nuclear war, I have brutal images in my mind almost all the time, of dead and dying people, crying out for water. For 75 years atomic bomb survivors have been speaking out against nuclear deterrence policies. The idea that strategic stability or military dominance could be achieved by detonating a nuclear bomb, irreversibly contaminating our environment and leveraging the instantaneous death of millions of human beings, is intolerable and unacceptable.
Nuclear weapons are not a necessary evil, they are the ultimate evil. It is unacceptable for any state to possess them. Every second of every day, nuclear weapons endanger everyone we love and everything we hold dear.
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, adopted by 122 states in 2017, embodies the commitment of the international community to ensure that no other cities ever suffer the same fate as mine. As the COVID-19 pandemic has so starkly demonstrated, greater international cooperation to address all major threats to the health and welfare of humankind is urgently needed. Paramount among these threats is the threat of nuclear war.
It has been 75 years since the dawn of the nuclear age. Is it not yet the time for soul searching, critical thinking and positive action about the choices we make for human survival?
On behalf of the victims and survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, as well as all who have been affected by nuclear testing, particularly indigenous people across the world, I urge you to take action to become a state party to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons without delay.
Sincerely yours,
Setsuko Thurlow, International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
