Impending War Threatens Gulf:
Environment Damage Could Eclipse 1990-1991 Gulf War

(March 19, 2003) - Experts warned this week that a war in Iraq will cause "massive and possibly irreversible" environmental damage to the Persian Gulf region and significantly add to the problem of global warming.

As about 250,000 US and British troops prepared to move against President Saddam Hussein's forces, international environmental leaders said the ensuing damage to Iraq's ecosystem and food and water supplies may eclipse the destruction to that region during the 1990-1991 Gulf war.

"I think it will be comprehensive damage and I don't think it will be localized to the area of Iraq, regardless of how precise and surgical our bombing campaign will be," said Ross Mirkarimi, a San Francisco-based environmental analyst who made two trips to Iraq shortly after US-led forces drove the Iraqis from Kuwait. "The pollution will travel in areas that will compound the damage that still remains from the 1991 military campaign."

During the Gulf war, retreating Iraqi forces set fire to more than 600 Kuwaiti oil wells, creating thick, toxic smoke that choked the atmosphere and blocked out the sun. The Iraqis dumped four million barrels of oil into the Persian Gulf, tarring beaches, killing more than 25,000 birds and driving millions more away, according to data compiled by the World Resources Institute and other organizations that monitor the environment. Spills of 60 million barrels of oil in the desert formed huge oil lakes and percolated into underground aquifers.

More than 80 percent of Kuwait's livestock perished during the war, while fisheries were heavily polluted, according to the monitoring groups. The burning oil fields released nearly a half billion tons of carbon dioxide--a staggering amount of greenhouse gas that many scientists say is the leading cause of the Earth's rising temperature.

To date, a dozen nations that were affected by the Gulf war have submitted environmental-damage claims to the United Nations totaling $79 billion. The United Nations has ruled so far on $1.9 billion of those claims, awarding about $1 billion, most of it to Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.

Environmental groups and experts say a new war in Iraq could do even more harm to the region's environment and precious water resources and kill off dozens of endangered species of birds and animals--especially given the sophistication and fierce power of a new generation of US weaponry.

"The first Gulf war was the biggest environmental disaster in recent history," said Gar Smith, former editor of Earth Island Journal and a spokesman for Environmentalists Against War. "Unfortunately, with advances in military technology, a new Gulf war has the potential to be even worse."

Hans Blix, the chief UN weapons inspector in Iraq, said in a recent interview with MTV that "to me the question of the environment is more ominous than that of peace and war."

Environmentalists say that state-of-the art US fighter jets, tanks, armor-piercing shells and ground-shattering Massive Ordnance Air-Burst bombs (MOABs) likely will destroy or seriously damage Iraqi water and sewage treatment plants and dams; ruin ancient archeological sites and harm what little remains of the Mesopotamian Marshlands, Iraq's primary source of freshwater in the south that was systematically destroyed by government engineers during the past 30 years.

Iraqi officials have said that if war breaks out, they expect to maintain 10 percent of their water supplies. But aid agencies say taps could run dry within 12 hours of the first air strikes on Baghdad, and they are stockpiling large quantities of drinking water for the capital's residents.

Environmentalists are particularly concerned about the use of armor-piercing munitions that are tipped with depleted uranium--a heavy metal that can penetrate tanks but also spreads radioactive dust to soil and water. During the 1991 conflict, US forces fired 320 tons of depleted uranium, most of it from cannons mounted on Air Force A-1- Thunderbolt IIs, or Warthogs. Much of that radioactive material was spread across Kuwait, Iraq and Saudi Arabia, often in the form of tiny fragments that some civilians picked up as souvenirs.

Defense Department officials last week said there is little evidence that depleted uranium poses a serious threat to public health or the environment, while stressing the metal's extraordinary capability of penetrating enemy armor. "Nobody goes into a war and wants to be even with the enemy," Army Col. James Naughton of the US Army Materiel Command told reporters.

If oil wells are set ablaze again, they could do far more environmental damage than was inflicted in 1991, experts said. The Kuwaiti oil wells burned for up to nine months, generating soot, sulfur and acid rain that covered croplands up to 1,200 miles away in all directions.

"Over the last few decades, we've come to recognize that war has not only a tragic human cost, but a tragic environmental cost as well," said Carroll Muffett, director of international programs for Defenders of Wildlife. "Fragile habitats are destroyed; wildlife degraded beyond use."

Earlier this week, nearly 200 lawyers, scholars and environmentalists from 51 countries protested the looming war and urged leaders of the United States, Great Britain, Turkey and Iraq to pull back. Their letter highlighted international rules of law for governments that impose a "solemn responsibility to avoid destruction of or serious or widespread damage to the natural environment and cultural heritage of Iraq and the Persian Gulf region."

© 2003 The Washington Post Company
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